Estimating the cost of building construction, especially in the early stages of studies, is a topic of interest and importance for employers and investors. The high inflation of the country's economy in recent years and the sharp fluctuations in the price of construction materials have doubled the importance of estimating the cost of building construction, even in small urban projects. However, until the design of the building is completed and the final plans are not prepared in full detail, it is not possible to measure the project and estimate the construction costs with acceptable accuracy. On the other hand, the proposed approximate methods for initial estimates are associated with many differences from reality that are not consistent with the existential philosophy of project economic estimation. Therefore, in this study, using training capability of Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Network algorithms, the weight of rebar used in concrete buildings of concrete moment frame, without complete design and preparation of executive plans is calculated and the results are compared with real values. The proposed artificial neural network model is a multilayer feeder type feeder with post-diffusion learning algorithm and is based on the parameters of number of openings in longitudinal and transverse direction, floor height, number of floors, number of columns per floor, floor area and seismic base shear. The weight of rebar used in the studied buildings has been estimated. The results indicate that the proposed neural network model can estimate the weight of rebar used in regular buildings with 95% accuracy and in irregular buildings with 80% accuracy.

The analysis and design of structures based solely on the elastic behavior of the members and the lack of attention to the plastic behavior in tolerating of the lateral forces leads to noneconomic design. All the regulations in the world, a special coefficient, called the building's coefficient of behavior, which is calculated to reduce the earthquake forces is considered and allows the designer to analyze the elastic structure under reduced forces and design based on its results. The magnitude of this coefficient in the earthquake regulations is based primarily on the observations of the performance of various building systems in past strong earthquakes and based on engineering judgments. Accordingly, many researchers have expressed concern about the lack of reasonable coefficient of behavior, based on research studies and computational backing in earthquake regulations, and emphasized on the correction of these coefficients based on scientific studies. By studying the results of dynamic analysis on the studied structures in two types with behavior factor 6 and behavior 7, it was shown that increasing the coefficient of behavior can play a very important role in the Seismic response. The coefficient of behavior in the building does not have a significant effect on the horizontal displacement of the structure. Because in the buildings of one and four story, according to the 2800, the effect of twisting is not considered, and because of this, the coefficient of behavior in the buildings of one and four floors does not have much effect on the earthquake force.

This paper describes the derivation of a wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature for Structural damage diagnosis in a reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame. The wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature is based on the wavelet transform of the time-history acceleration response, obtained from incremental dynamic analysis of the floor absolute acceleration response. By applying mathematical relationships to the wavelet coefficients, the wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature is extracted as the energy of the wavelet coefficients at appropriate scales. Furthermore, the theoretical correlation between the output of wavelet analysis and dynamic Structural behaviors that play a vital role in damage diagnosis methods was derived. The effectiveness of the wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature is evaluated by simulating a 4-story reinforced concrete frame subjected to various ground motion records using the continuous bior3.3 mother wavelet family. The wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature measures changes in wavelet energy at the natural frequency of the undamaged structure as damage progresses, and the results show that wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature values gradually decrease as damage increases.

In performance-based engineering, conservatism in acceptance criteria at Structural performance levels has increased the cost of retro tting. In seismic rehabilitation of structures, uncertainties associated with existing structures have been studied and rehabilitation guidelines have been applied to deal with these uncertainties in terms of reliability index. The secondary system, which is added to the existing structure, is subject to uncertainties in seismic rehabilitation of structures. These uncertainties can escalate the uncertainties of rehabilitated structures and may change the analysis results such as reliability index parameter, values of fragility, and inter-story drift. Therefore, this study investigated the reliability of the structure rehabilitated with steel shear wall and performed a parametric study on the reliability index. The selected structure was a steel moment frame, which was rehabilitated by the steel shear wall. The structure was subject to incremental dynamic analysis before and after rehabilitation with probabilistic variables. Based on the results, the values of the reliability index were obtained for the rehabilitated structure in the presence of uncertainties. According to results, Structural rehabilitation reduced failure probability and consideration of uncertainties in the rehabilitated structure increased the probability of failure. Therefore, existing conservatism was reduced.

Abstract : In this paper, we investigate frames and g-frames and show that constructs the direct sum of frames for a finite number of frames. also, We show under what condition it becomes g-frames to T *−g-frames. Finally, we generalize Sun ’s theorem to Parseval frames.

Earthquake is the major Natural disaster in Iran which once a while causes widespread death and financial losses. Constructional system and materials used in them, most often accelerate these damages, so these are considered principal reasons of the events. Countries that have regions of high seismicity, conducted research on constructional systems, materials, and methods of improving their resistance to earthquake. These research efforts have found simple solution of the problem in wood and its proper combinations with other constructional materials. In this research, regarding such target, two subjects were studied. A model of light framed one story single-family residential house in Iran was constructed to determine its dynamical behavior. The model was constructed in one- third scale of a unit with 54 square meters in base. Foundation anchorage in model was made by metal angle pieces, which were bolted to lower plank. These types of connectors could easily be fabricated in metal working shops in Iran. The rest of joints in model were made with bolts and common nails. To see the behavior of the model, its natural frequency, acceleration at different points, lateral movements (displacement), and also response of joints to tensile and compressive forces (developed due to lateral dynamical loading on a shaking table) were measured and analyzed. Results have shown that with respect to Fast Fourier Transformation spectra, ratio of maximum acceleration in roof to bottom of model, in sinusoidal acceleration test, the natural frequency of model is ten HZ (fn = 10 Hz), since 10 Hz frequency has the highest amplitude. This result had contingency with data of sinusoidal acceleration records with 10 HZ frequency and 0.64 g as well. Therefore, stiffness of model structure would be 78,250 Kg/cm. In addition, results of several sinusoidal acceleration tests for determining delay damping, has shown on the average 0.039 for this quantity. Brief results of sinusoidal acceleration test, sweeping frequency and time history of Kobe and Tabas earthquake have shown that maximum displacements (lateral movement due to dynamic loading) are related to this acceleration with 8 HZ frequency and 1.18 g. This displacement in model has been measured 0.76 mm, which is lower than allowable limit in IBC code (1% of story high, that is, 30 mm for a 3 m high). Including scale coefficient of constructed model, this figure would be 5.76 mm. But for force, it could be considered that highest tensile and compressive force would occur with 10 HZ frequency and 0.85g test. The cause is resonant phenomena in this frequency. Therefore, in resonant phenomena maximum force is applied to joints and in this case, each joint would be under load of 30% of building’s weight. Therefore, well-installed joint can considerably prevent death and financial damages. financial losses. Constructional system and materials used in them, most often accelerate these damages, so these are considered principal reasons of the events.

Uncertainties are inevitable in the estimation of Structural engineering issues and increase the cost of retrofitting. In the presence of uncertainties, the results of seismic evaluation are incorrect and create conservatism in acceptance criteria at Structural performance levels. Considering and quantification of uncertainties in design and rehabilitation of structures reduces the existing conservatism and can lead to the economic design and rehabilitation of structures. In the seismic rehabilitation of structures, uncertainties have been studied on existing structures and have been applied by coefficients in guidelines. Adding a secondary system to rehabilitate of existing structure can enter uncertainties into the computation and can be effective for results of reliability. Therefore, in this study, reliability of rehabilitated steel moment frame with steel shear wall has been discussed in order to quantify the uncertainty of the steel shear wall. The selected structure is a nine-storey steel moment frame of SAC project, which was rehabilitated by steel shear wall. The studied structures were analyzed pre-and postrehabilitation, with probabilistic variables considered for steel shear wall by OpenSees software. Based on results of incremental dynamic analysis and obtained fragility curves, the values of the reliability index have been obtained for the rehabilitated structure in the presence of uncertainties. Results showed that considering of uncertainties and reducing them can reduce the existing conservatism and the cost of rehabilitation.

Introduction: Fire and explosion are major hazards in hospital environments. The use of fire risk assessment methods is essential for preventing and managing these risks. The design of specialized software also plays a significant role in improving the accuracy and speed of assessments. This study aimed to assess fire risk in a hospital using the frame technique. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in one of the Alborz University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Using the frame technique, three different fire risk modes were calculated separately for the building, contents, people, and activities inside the building (before and after the fire control measures). The required data was collected through field investigation, hospital documentation, parameter measurements, monitoring questionnaires, and checklists and calculated with the Excel software. Results: The findings of the study revealed a significant reduction in fire risk associated with buildings and their contents, with the average risk level decreasing from 0. 21 prior to the implementation of control measures to a markedly lower level of 0. 05 following these interventions. This substantial drop underscores the effectiveness of the control measures in mitigating potential hazards related to fire incidents. Conclusion: This study shows that the highest fire risk is mainly related to human factors, which emphasizes the critical need for targeted interventions. To effectively mitigate these risks, implementing automatic fire detection and suppression systems is not only recommended, but essential to protect life and property in healthcare environments. In addition, robust fire safety training to hospital staff is essential to increase their preparedness and ability to respond in an emergency.